Cardiometabolic diseases encompass conditions affecting the heart, blood vessels, and metabolism.

Central Nervous System (CNS) conditions involve disorders affecting the brain and spinal cord.

Control populations are essential to minimize bias and provide a basis for comparison, thereby ensuring the validity and reliability of a study.

Dermatological conditions are disorders that affect the skin, hair, and nails, for example eczema, psoriasis, acne, and skin cancer.

Endocrinology is the study of hormones, their physiological functions, and the diseases and disorders associated with hormone imbalances.

Gastrointestinal conditions encompass a spectrum of disorders affecting the digestive tract.

Hearing conditions consist of a broad spectrum of disorders from temporary hearing loss to permanent hearing impairment.

Immunological and inflammatory conditions involve dysregulation of the immune system.

Mental health conditions encompass many disorders that affect mood, thinking, and behavior, and include depression and anxiety disorders.

Oncological conditions involve the development of abnormal and malignant growths, known as tumors.

Ophthalmic conditions are disorders that affect the eyes and visual system such as cataracts, glaucoma and macular degeneration.

Respiratory conditions affect the lungs and airways, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and pneumonia.

Rheumatological conditions affect the joints, muscles, and connective tissues, and include rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and fibromyalgia.

Rare diseases are characterized by their low prevalence in the population, yet still impact many millions of patients worldwide.